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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century. Popularly nicknamed "Pam" and "The Mongoose",〔Illustration, "One Head Better than Two", from ''Punch'', November 1862, reproduced in Amanda Foreman (2010), ''A World on Fire'', New York: Random House, Part I, "Cotton Is King", Chapter 14, "A Fateful Decision", p. 327.〕 he was in government office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865, beginning his parliamentary career as a Tory and concluding it as a Liberal. He is best remembered for his direction of British foreign policy through a period when Britain was at the height of its power, serving terms as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his aggressive actions, now sometimes termed liberal interventionist, were highly controversial at the time, and remain so today. He was the only Prime Minister to be over 70 years old at the beginning of his first term and is the most recent and oldest British Prime Minister to die in office. ==Early life: 1784–1806== Henry John Temple was born in his family's Westminster house to the Irish branch of the Temple family on 20 October 1784. Henry was to become the 3rd Viscount Palmerston. His family derived their title from the Peerage of Ireland.〔Karl Marx, "Palmerston: First Article" contained in ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) p. 348.〕 His father was Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston (1739–1802), and his mother Mary (1752–1805), daughter of Benjamin Mee, a London merchant.〔Edward J. Davies, "The Ancestry of Lord Palmerston", ''The Genealogist'', 22(2008):62–77.〕 From 1792 to 1794, the young future Lord Palmerston accompanied his family on a Continental tour of France, Switzerland, Italy, Hanover and the Netherlands.〔Jasper Ridley, ''Lord Palmerston'' (London: Constable, 1970), pp. 7–9.〕 Whilst in Italy Palmerston acquired an Italian tutor, Signor Gaetano, who taught him to speak and write fluent Italian.〔Ridley, p. 9.〕 He was educated at Harrow School (1795–1800). Admiral Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Bt., was a fag to Palmerston, Viscount Althorp and Viscount Duncannon and later remembered Palmerston as by far the most merciful of the three.〔Ridley, p. 10.〕 Palmerston was often engaged in school fights and fellow Old Harrovians remembered Palmerston as someone who stood up to bullies twice his size.〔 Palmerston's father took him to the House of Commons in 1799, where young Palmerston shook hands with the Prime Minister, William Pitt.〔Ridley, p. 12.〕 Palmerston was then at the University of Edinburgh (1800–1803), where he learnt political economy from Dugald Stewart, a friend of the Scottish philosophers Adam Ferguson and Adam Smith.〔Ridley, p. 14.〕 Palmerston later described his time at Edinburgh as producing "whatever useful knowledge and habits of mind I possess".〔David Steele, ‘(Temple, Henry John, third Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865) )’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 11 December 2010.〕 Lord Minto wrote to Palmerston's parents that young Palmerston was well-mannered and charming. Stewart wrote to a friend, saying of Palmerston: "In point of temper and conduct he is everything his friends could wish. Indeed, I cannot say that I have ever seen a more faultless character at this time of life, or one possessed of more amiable dispositions".〔Ridley, p. 15.〕 Palmerston succeeded his father to the title of Viscount Palmerston on 17 April 1802, before he had turned 18. The young 3rd Lord Palmerston also inherited a vast country estate in the north of County Sligo in the west of Ireland. He later built Classiebawn Castle on this estate. Palmerston went to St John's College, Cambridge (1803–1806). As a nobleman, he was entitled to take his MA without examinations, but Palmerston wished to obtain his degree through examinations. This was declined, although he was allowed to take the separate College examinations, where he obtained first-class honours.〔Ridley, p. 18.〕 After war was declared on France in 1803, Palmerston joined the Volunteers mustered to oppose a French invasion, being one of the three officers in the unit for St John's College. He was also appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of the Romsey Volunteers.〔Ridley, pp. 18–19.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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